Common Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus).
Sowthistles (Sonchus sp) are annual, biennial or perennial herbs, with or without rhizomes. They are all in the genus Sonchus, and also known as Milkthistles.
There are three Sowthistles you often find in lawns and turf areas in Australia. These are:
- Annual or Common Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L).
- Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) and
- Spiny Sowthistle (Sonchus asper L.).
After you read this, you will be able to:
- Identify Sowthistles or Milkthistles.
- Know the habitat of Sowthistles or Milkthistles.
- Know the best options to control Sowthistle or Milkthistle.
Why is Sowthistle a Problem Weed?
- Sowthistle is an invasive species. This means that it spreads aggressively.
- It grows quickly and produces a large number of seeds. The seeds are easily dispersed by wind and water, allowing it to quickly colonize new areas.
- Sowthistle thrives in disturbed environments and outcompete other plants for sunlight, water, and nutrients.
- It grows in a wide range of soils, and is able to survive drought conditions.
- Some populations of Sowthistle have developed herbicide resistance.
- Sowthistle is a host for insects like aphids.
The distribution map of Sowthistles in Australia is courtesy of The Atlas of Living Australia.
How to Identify Sowthistle.
All Sowthistles have soft, irregularly lobed leaves, that clasp the stem and form a basal rosette.The leaves are alternate, upright, hairless, and have hollow stems that sometimes branch towards the top.
Creeping Thistle is often mistaken for Prickly Sowthistle.The easiest way to tell them apart is to cut the stem. Sowthistles exude a sap when cut, whilst thistles do not.
Annual Milkweed and Spiny Sowthistle are often mistaken for Prickly Lettuce, as they also have milky sap and similar foliage and flowers. However, Prickly lettuce leaves have raised spines along the midrib, that are not along the midribs of Spiny and Annual Sowthistle leaves.
Category: Dicot
Photosynthetic Pathway: C3 Weed.
Flower: The flower heads of Milkweeds or Sowthistles are yellow, and range in size from 12 to 25 mm in diameter. They have a ray type floret with no eye to the flower.
The flower head of Sowthistle is yellow, and has no eye to the flower.
Height: Mature Sowthistle is 30 cm to 2 m tall.
Leaf length: The leaves are 6 to 35 cm long.
Leaf width:
Reproduction of Sowthistle:
Sowthistles grow quickly in a wide range of conditions, and their wind-borne seeds allow them to spread rapidly. Germination is favoured by light, and seedling emergence is only in the top 1 cm of soil. The seed of Common Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceusis) is viable for up to 8 years.
Germination is good at day/night temperatures of 25 and 10°C respectively, and Annual Sowthistle needs wet soils for optimum germination.
- If you cut the Annual Sowthistle when it flowers it still produces viable seeds.
- Once Perennial Sowthistle establishes, it is difficult to control. This is because its perennial root system has the ability to spread vegetatively via small root fragments, and it is also reproduces via seed.
- Common Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) produces between 4,700 and 8,000 seeds.
Comments: Sowthistles are common hosts for aphids. Young plants are highly frost tolerant. Plants that emerge in the Autumn can overwinter as a rosette of leaves close to the ground, and withstand temperatures down to -18°C.
Sowthistles, have a robust root network that includes fine, spreading roots at the surface and thicker, vertical roots that penetrate deeper into the soil.
fine surface roots of Common Sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus
Habitat: Sowthistles are a common weed of disturbed areas, gardens and waste places.
For more information on weeds check out our weed ID Chart.
Control of Sowthistle.
You can control Sowthistle or Milkweed by cultural and chemical means, but successful management of this weed is best if you adopt an integrated approach. Autumn is an ideal time carry out control of this perennial weed.
Cultural Control of Sowthistle (Sonchus sp):
- Maintain a dense turf cover as this limits the spread of this grass because it is a weak competitor. Milkthistles are easily uprooted by hand, and their soft stems present little resistance to slashing or mowing.
- Sowthistle seed needs light to germinate, and seedling emergence is limited to the top 1cm of soil.
- As they are in the rosette stage for quite some time, Sowthistles are susceptible to shade. So grow a thick and dense turf cover and you are half way there to managing this weed!
Chemical Control of Sowthistle.
Since the seed bank is relatively short-lived, pre emergents are a good option to control Milkthistle. Post emergent herbicides work best to control Sowthistle when it is in the seedling stage.
Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Sowthistle.
Pre-emergent herbicides control Milkthistle, and the fact that this is a shallow germinating weed is the reason for this.
Currently only BASF Freehand is registered in turf grass as a pre-emergent for Sowthistle. However, in agriculture prodiamine (Onset 10GR) , S-Metalochlor and Pendimethalin (Battalia 440) control Sowthistle.
If Milkthistle does break through your pre-emergent barrier, the next option is to use a selective post-emergent herbicide. Luckily there are a wide range of post emergent options to use.
Post Emergent Herbicides for Sowthistle.
Post-emergent Selective herbicides for Sowthistle include:
- 3-D herbicide.
- Dicamba 500.
- Qualipro Crest.
- Pylex.
- 2,4-D.
- MCPA.
Table of post Emergent Sowthistle Herbicides.
Product | Active | Chemical Group | Rate/Ha | Comments | |
2,4-D | 2,4-D | 4 | 1.8-3.2 | Wet foliage thoroughly. DO NOT mow lawn for 1 week before and at least 1 weed after application. DO NOT use on Buffalo grass (WA only). | |
Contra M. | Dicamba + MCPA | 4 | 6.5 L | Apply in 250-400L water. DO NOT use on Buffalo grass. After use do not mow for 2 days before or after application or fertilize within two weeks. | |
Dicamba | Dicamba | 4 | 1.2L + 3.2L of 2,4-D Amine 625g/L | Use a minimum of 1000L/Ha water. Do not spray on Buffalo or Bent Grass. | |
MCPA | MCPA | 4 | 930ml -1.8L | Apply in high volume to actively growing weeds. DO NOT mow for 2 days before application. Some transitory damage may occur to fine turf grasses | |
Pylex | Topramezone | 27 | 0.375 mL/ 100 m2 in 4-6 L water + 0.5% MSO | Apply to actively growing weeds. Two repeat applications 21-28 days apart are required for optimum control. Some minor transient bleaching of Bentgrass may be observed 7-14 days post application. For best results do not water or irrigate for 24 hrs post application. | |
Warhead | MCPA + Clopyralid + Diflufenican | 4 + 12 | 5 L | You may see discolouration on kikuyu, carpet grass and Queensland blue. Avoid overlapping. Use an NIS. | |
Non Selective Control of Sowthistle.
You can use Glyphosate , Numchuk Quad or Cortex Duo as a non selective options to control Milkthistle. If you use Glyphosate and water quality is an issue then we recommend the use of ProForce Manta Ray.
The following are non-selective but also have a long term residual and stop re-growth of Sowthistle.
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- Renegade. Renegade stops germination for up to 12 months, and reduces the need for multiple herbicide applications.
- Numchuk Quad. This gives effective post and pre emergent Sowthistle control for up to 12 months.
- Cortex Duo. Cortex Duo gives a rapid knockdown, and residual control of Sowthistle for up to 3 months. It is also safe to use around trees.
Table of Non Selective Herbicides for Common Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus).
Product | Active | Chemical Group | Rate/Ha |
Glufosinate 200 | Glufosinate-ammonium | 10 | 1-6L |
Rapid Fire 800 | Glyphosate | 9 | 0.9-1.35 Kg |
Numchuk Quad | Terbuthylazine + Glyphosate + Amitrole Oxyfluorfen | 5 + 9 + 34 + 14 | 20-25L |
Cortex Duo | Nonanoic Acid + Oxyfluorfen | 14 | 7L/1000L |
Renegade | Bromacil | 5 | 3.5-6.5Kg |
ProForce Cortex Duo Industrial Herbicide is a non glyphosate weed killer. It is both a non-selective knockdown & a residual herbicide. You can use this to kill seedling & young
